The threat Christianity posed on the Roman Empire was its autonomy within churches.
An advantage of Christianity over Roman polytheism was that it had detailed codes regulating believers’ daily activities. The first five books of the Hebrew Bible contains the Torah, the Law said to be given to Moses by God. By covering every field of life, the Law instructed Yahweh’s worshipers very specifically how to live a moral life. For the Jews who lived in the Roman Empire, they had two laws to obey: the Law of God, and the Roman laws.
The same phenomenon happened to Christians when Christianity broke away from Judaism. Churches became almost as powerful as the imperial government among Christians: “It [the Christian Church] had become a universal Church, claiming the loyalty of all believers.”(Brown 62) By converting to Christianity, an emperor admitted there was an authority above his own, and put himself somehow on the same level as the other believers.
If the Nicaea Councils were still under influence of Roman emperors, the settlement of the Pelagian Controversy marked the final strike that separated the secular world from the spiritual world of Christianity. Augstine, bishop of Hippo, wrote his Confessions in around 397. In this book, he claimed it was predestined whether one could be a Christian, that God decided whether one could convert to Christianity because it was God’s grace that inspired conversion. By contrast, Pelagius, a layman from Britain, stated every human being was in charge of his own conversion, that God allowed human beings to convert to Christianity in their free wills. The debate between Augustine and Pelagius lasted from 413 to 430, and ended with Augustine’s victory.
In modern societies, Pelagius might have won the debate, because modern people cherish free wills and liberty. But the situation in the waning years of the Roman Empire was different. First, people didn’t look forward to the arrival of a certain self-improved human, but a God-made hero. Rather than human accomplishments, they preferred heavenly miracles. By claiming all conversions doings of God, Augustine introduced miracles into people’s daily lives and granted them hope of salvation. This introduction implied everyone was equal in front of God, regardless how he converted to Christianity. On the other hand, Pelagius’s ideas of self-improvement not only failed to satisfy people’s longing for heroes in the first place, but also implied a hierarchy in Heaven, because people did differ in their speed and ways of conversion. Pelagius only insisted everyone was equally “convertable,” but said little about whether people were equal after conversion. In the declining Roman Empire, this was fatal since people were tired of privileged aristocrats and officials.
A second factor that determined Augustine’s victory was the psychological implication of his ideas. If God decided whether one could convert to Christianity, there was little left to human beings to do, which means if one failed against temptations, he was not guilty; if one managed to rid of temptations, he was chosen by God. The psychological implication was tolerant to both firm believers and unstable believers because it took away the burden of conversion from individuals. Pelagius’s ideas of conversion, meanwhile, implied one was guilty if he failed or slowed down in his conversion. More pressure was put on a believer’s mind.
Besides clarifying humans’ role in their conversions, the settlement of the Pelagian Controversy proved secular lives to be independent of spiritual affairs. If human beings couldn’t even control their own conversions, how could a king teach them what to do? The spiritual world was established with little support from secular powers. When the Roman Empire fell, people were left with another unified empire, an eternal one by definition, where there was equality and peace. An actual unified empire had lost its attraction.
resource:
The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-100, 2nd Edition.
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